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To make the best use of the Galileo services, users rely on much more than the satellites orbiting the Earth at an altitude of 23.000km. Dedicated facilities such as the Galileo Control Centres (GCCs), sensor and uplink stations are some of the most important components that make up the so-called ‘’Galileo Ground Segment’’ the role of which is to support the service provision of Europe’s own Global Navigation Satellite System. An important element of the Galileo Ground Segment is the Galileo Sensor Stations.

So, what are GSSs and why are they important to the constellation? 

The Galileo Sensor Stations (GSS) is a network of antennas deployed at remote sites located around the world. They have small omnidirectional receiving antennas around just 50 cm high, and their role is to check the accuracy and signal quality of individual satellites in real-time and to pinpoint current satellite orbits.

These measurements are transmitted via secure satellite communications to the Galileo Control Centres in Fucino, Italy. Here they serve as the basis of a set of corrections – accounting for timing or orbital slips – to be uplinked to the satellites via a network of 3m-diameter uplink stations. This is then rebroadcasted within navigation messages to users, currently updated every 50 minutes. 

A GSS located in Numea.

A thorough process

Establishing the GSS is not an easy procedure, and it requires meticulous attention as well as security accreditation by the Security Accreditation Board (SAB) of EUSPA.

The decision for the new location was made in June 2020 but due to the COVID pandemic, deployment began only in summer 2022. In October 2022, the second mission to Wallis and Futuna took place to complete the deployment of the GSS and connect it to the Ground Mission Segment network for data collection.

"EUSPA has been significantly upgrading the ground segments of both Galileo and EGNOS to ensure optimum performance Europe's satellite navigation systems," says EUSPA Executive Director, Rodrigo da Costa. "Wallis and Futuna are a strategic location which allows us to increase the coverage of Galileo in the southern hemisphere" he concluded.

Check out this map to learn more about Galileo sensors and stations across the globe.

Media note: This feature can be republished without charge provided the European Union Agency for the Space Programme (EUSPA) is acknowledged as the source at the top or the bottom of the story. You must request permission before you use any of the photographs on the site. If you republish, we would be grateful if you could link back to the EUSPA website (http://www.euspa.europa.eu).

According to the latest edition of the European State of the Climate Report (ESOTC), 2022 was yet another year of extremes. Not only did Europe see its hottest summer ever recorded, with temperatures reaching 1.4°C above average, much of Europe experienced prolonged and intense heatwaves. 

Europe’s lakes and seas also saw increasing surface temperatures. While 73% of Europe’s lakes recorded warmer-than-average temperatures, average sea surface temperatures were the warmest on record. 

Exacerbated by low precipitation, which continued through spring and summer for most regions in Europe, together with the exceptional heatwaves, Europe also experienced a widespread and prolonged drought in 2022. On the whole, the year was 10% drier than average. This lack of precipitation, including winter snow, combined with the exceptional summer heatwaves, contributed to a record loss of ice from glaciers in the Alps. 

The European State of the Climate Report, which is published annually by the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), provides key climate indicators plus insights and in-depth analysis on climate conditions during the previous calendar year. The Report’s findings are based largely on an analysis of the data and services provided by the Copernicus Earth Observation programme.

Meaningful action starts with critical data 

By providing authoritative information about the rapidly changing climate in Europe, Copernicus helps climate researchers and authorities make informed decisions and take effective action. It is also providing entrepreneurs with data and information to face these changes and adapt their activities.

Copernicus is particularly useful for helping local authorities be more proactive to climate-related risks. For example, national and local authorities use C3S-produced heat stress predictions to implement heat-related action plans. These actions can include things as simple as limiting outside activities and drinking plenty of fluids to actively monitoring at-risk populations or designing cities in a way that could help mitigate heat-related risks. It is also providing entrepreneurs opportunities to prepare the future and develop applications.

ESOTC: an instrumental publication for EUSPA

"For us at EUSPA, the European State of the Climate (ESOTC) report is an instrumental publication for various reasons. Firstly, because it’s a confirmation that Union must accelerate its green transformation, and secondly because our agency has a role to play in the delivery of the EU Green Deal by providing space-based solutions," says EUSPA Executive Director, Rodrigo da Costa.

Since its creation in 2021, EUSPA has been entrusted with the promotion and market uptake of Copernicus services and products such as those of the Copernicus Climate Service (C3S).

According to the EUSPA EO and GNSS Market Report, the total revenues from the sale of both EO data and services in the Climate services sector in 2021 amounted to €318 m and will grow by almost 50% over the next decade to reach €451 m in 2031.

"It is therefore crucial for the EUSPA Market Development team to have up-to-date information and data about the state of the climate to support accordingly innovators and creators to propose the appropriate solutions" adds Fiammetta Diani, EUSPA Head of Market, Downstream and Innovation.

EUSPA has been actively utilizing various funding streams to promote innovation and entrepreneurship in climate-related products, services, and applications. This effort includes initiatives like Horizon Europe calls and innovation competitions such as the myEUspace competition, which is part of the CASSINI Initiative. As a result of these efforts, projects like 100KTREEs, SWIFTT, and MAGDA have been able to receive support.

• 100KTREEs is a Decision Toolbox designed to help cities improve air quality, biodiversity, human well-being, and reduce climate risks (such as urban heat islands and heatwaves) by planting more trees in urban areas.
• SWIFTT is an early warning system that uses EU space data and Artificial Intelligence to protect forest health and production by detecting forest threats such as forest bugs, heatwaves, fires, windthrow, and other climate-related events.
• Project MAGDA leverages GNSS (including Galileo) and drones to provide the agricultural sector with precise atmosphere monitoring. This project utilizes EU Space to predict and prepare for the future of weather, climate, and water.

A clear path forward

While the ESOTC report leaves no room for doubt that the climate is changing and that these changes are having extreme consequences here in Europe, it also gives us hope. If we fully leverage the wealth of data that Copernicus provides free of charge – and then act on it – there can be a clear path forward to a liveable future. 

You can read the full European State of the Climate Report 2022 here. 

C3S is implemented by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) on behalf of the European Commission.

Media note: This feature can be republished without charge provided the European Union Agency for the Space Programme (EUSPA) is acknowledged as the source at the top or the bottom of the story. You must request permission before you use any of the photographs on the site. If you republish, we would be grateful if you could link back to the EUSPA website (http://www.euspa.europa.eu).

The EU’s energy dependence is becoming more complicated over the last months, so the EU has no choice but to look for new means of securing its energy supply.

But energy independence shouldn’t come at the cost of the climate. Which is why any decision relating to energy security must be aligned with meeting the EU’s goal of becoming climate neutral by 2050.

How do you strike this delicate balance between energy sovereignty and climate neutrality?

Renewable energy is one answer. 

Today, approximately 22% of the EU’s energy comes from renewable sources. The REPowerEU initiative seeks to not only more than double this, but to do so in just a few years’ time. 

Unfortunately, no ‘magic switch’ can flip to go from our current fossil fuel-based energy system to one based on renewables. But what we do have is EU Space. 

From choosing the best location for wind turbines to understanding how dust storms might impact solar energy production, the EU Space Programme will be a key enabler of Europe’s energy transition. 

Synchronising smart grids

Speaking of supplying the grid, the smart grids that will carry the renewable energy from source to switch will be based on the solid and robust synchronisation provided by GNSS. Specifically, these grids rely on GNSS clocks as a time reference, with atomic clocks serving as a backup in case of an outage. 

To reduce the risk of outages, it is critical that the GNSS signals used for smart grid timing be resilient against interference. Here, not only does Galileo offer grid operators increased accuracy and robustness, the forthcoming Open Service Navigation Message Authentication (OSNMA) will add an extra layer of protection.  

Add to this GNSS receivers’ comparably low cost and the fact that they can be easily implemented into a grid to enable real-time automatic control, and it’s easy to see why Galileo is becoming the go-to-solution for smart grid operators.

The accuracy and robustness of Galileo and the added layer of protection that will be offered by the OSNMA, means that Galileo will be the go-to solution for smart grid operators.

Using GNSS to maintain renewable infrastructure 

GNSS will also play a role in maintaining renewable energy infrastructure and smart grid systems. That’s because the precise positioning services offered by Galileo and EGNOS, together with the latest developments in computer vision-aided navigation, enable the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), or drones, to efficiently, effectively and safely inspect renewable energy infrastructure – which is often located in difficult-to-reach and remote locations.

Drones are already used to remotely detect solar panel hotspots, which can reduce power generation, and inspect wind turbine structures. With the recently launched Galileo High Accuracy Service (HAS), this capability will become even more efficient and widespread. 

Using images provided by Sentinel satellites, these GNSS-enabled drones can also be used to inspect and predict landslides. Operators can use this information to monitor critical infrastructure. They may even be able to use it to conduct preventative maintenance, essentially fixing a problem (e.g., shoring up a potential landslide area) before it has a chance to cause damage. 

Selecting the right site for renewable energy infrastructure

Power plant owners want to know where the best place to invest their money is. Thus, choosing the right location for renewable energy infrastructure is a key prerequisite to efficient energy production, and EU Space data makes finding the optimal site easier. 

For example, using information gathered from Copernicus’ satellites and atmospheric models, the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) produces global irradiation models that the renewable energy sector can use to make informed decisions on where to best place solar panels. 

Copernicus data can also be used to optimise the location of wind turbines. According to an article published by Observer, the Copernicus news service, by providing consistent, quality-controlled information about Europe’s past, present and potential future climate, Copernicus, and in particular the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), has emerged as the tool of choice for selecting the right site for wind turbines.

Efficient operations and energy production 

Once a site is selected and built, the next step is to get it up and running. But this is easier said than done, as plant and grid operators face several challenges unique to the renewable energy sector. Amongst these are constantly changing meteorological and atmospheric conditions, which can cause fluctuations in energy production.   

To illustrate, consider the offshore windfarms that dot the coasts of countries like Belgium, Germany, Spain and Portugal. In order to optimise their operations, these energy companies rely on high-quality information about wind variability – information that is made freely available via C3S. Likewise, solar plant operators depend on CAMS aerosol forecasts to better anticipate dust storms, which allow them to take steps to prevent UV-blocking dust from accumulating on their photovoltaic panels.  

Energy producers also rely on Copernicus data to accurately estimate the amount of energy they will be able to generate. For example, grid and plant operators can leverage data on the availability of solar, wind and other resources to more accurately determine which supply is likely to be more abundant. Independent producers use this information to commit how much energy they can supply to the grid, while Transmission System Operators use it to balance supply and demand. 

Energy sovereignty and climate neutrality can go together 

With the support of the EU Space Programme, which was conceived as a means of advancing European autonomy in space, we can build the autonomous renewable energy system that will power an energy independent and climate neutral future for Europe. 

“Today’s energy crisis has a major impact on EU citizens and businesses” concludes EUSPA Executive Director Rodrigo da Costa. “However, at EUSPA we want to leverage the free data and services provided by EU Space to directly benefit EU citizens, by supporting renewable energies and improving management of grids.”

Media note: This feature can be republished without charge provided the European Union Agency for the Space Programme (EUSPA) is acknowledged as the source at the top or the bottom of the story. You must request permission before you use any of the photographs on the site. If you republish, we would be grateful if you could link back to the EUSPA website (http://www.euspa.europa.eu).